Eberhardt, L. L. 1985. Assessing the dynamics of wild populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:997­1012.

Erdbrink, D. 1953. A review of fossil and recent bears of the Old World with remarks on their phylogeny based upon their dentition. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Erickson, A. W. 1962. Bear investigations. Breeding biology and productivity. Pages 1­8 in Alaska wildlife investigations. Job completion report, Vol. 3 (Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Project W-6-R-3, Work Plan F, Job 4). Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

Ewer, R. R. 1973. The carnivores. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Fancy, S. G., L. F. Pank, D. C. Douglas, C. H. Curby, G. W. Garner, S. C. Amstrup, and W. L. Regelin. 1988. Satellite telemetry: A new tool for wildlife research and management (Resource Publication 172). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Ferguson, S. H., M. K. Taylor, and F. Messier. 1997. Space use by polar bears in and around Auyuittuq National Park, Northwest Territories, during the ice-free period. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1585­94.

Ferguson, S. H., M. K. Taylor, E. W. Born, and F. Messier. 1998. Fractals, seaice landscape and spatial patterns of polar bears. Journal of Biogeography 25:1081­92.

Ferguson, S. H., M. K. Taylor, E. W. Born, A. Rosing-Asvid, and F. Messier. 1999. Determinants of home range size for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Ecology Letters 2:311­18.

Ferguson, S. H., M. K. Taylor, E. W. Born, A. Rosing-Asvid, and F. Messier. 2001. Activity and movement patterns of polar bears inhabiting consolidated versus active pack ice. Arctic 54:49­54.

Ferguson, S. H., M. K. Taylor, A. Rosing-Asvid, E. W. Born, and F. Messier. 2000a. Relationships between denning of polar bears and conditions of sea ice. Journal of Mammalogy 81:1118­27.

Ferguson, S. H., M. K. Taylor, and F. Messier. 2000b. Influence of sea ice dynamics on habitat selection by polar bears. Ecology 81:761­72.

Folk, G. E., Jr., and R. A. Nelson. 1981. The hibernation of polar bears: A model for the study of human starvation. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circumpolar Health 5:617­19 (Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research Report Series 33).

Furnell, D. J., and R. E. Schweinsburg. 1984. Population dynamics of central Canadian Arctic island polar bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:722­28.

Garner, G. W., S. T. Knick, and D. C. Douglas. 1990. Seasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:219­26.

Garner, G. W., S. C. Amstrup, I. Stirling, and S. E. Belikov. 1994. Habitat considerations for polar bears in the North Pacific Rim. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 59:111­20.

Gloersen, P., and W. J. Campbell. 1991. Recent variations in Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice covers. Nature 352:33­36.

Gloersen, P., W. J. Campbell, D. J. Cavalieri, J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, and H. J. Zwally. 1992. Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978­1987: Satellite passive-microwave observations and analysis (Special Publication SP-511). National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Grojean, R. E., J. A. Sousa, and M. C. Henry. 1980. Utilization of solar radiation by polar animals: An optical model for pelts. Applied Optics 19:339­46.

Guppy, M. 1986. The hibernating bear: Why is it so hot, and why does it cycle urea through the gut? Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11:274­76.

Hammill, M. O., and T. G. Smith. 1991. The role of predation in the ecology of the ringed seal in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 7:123­35.

Hanna, G. D. 1920. Mammals of the St. Matthew Islands, Bering Sea. Journal of Mammalogy 1:118­22.

Hansson, R., and J. Thomassen. 1983. Behavior of polar bears with cubs of the year in the denning area. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5:246­54.

Harington, C. R. 1966. A polar bear's life. Pages 3­7 in Report on Polar Bears. Lectures presented at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Washington Area Associates. Arctic Institute of North America Research Paper No. 34.

Harington, C. R. 1968. Denning habits of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) (Report Series 5). Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottowa.

Harris, R. B., S. G. Fancy, D. C. Douglas, G. W. Garner, S. C. Amstrup, T. R. McCabe, and L. F. Pank. 1990. Tracking wildlife by satellite: Current systems and performance. (Technical Report 30). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Heaton, T. H., S. L. Talbot, and G. F. Shields. 1996. An ice age refugium for large mammals in the Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska. Quaternary Research 46:189­192.

Hensel, R. J., and F. E. Sorenson, Jr. 1980. Age determination of live polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:93­100.

Hobson, K. A., and I. Stirling. 1997. Low variation in blood d13 C among

Hudson Bay polar bears: Implications for metabolism and tracing terrestrial foraging. Marine Mammal Science 13:359­67.

Hurst, R. J., M. L. Leonard, P. D. Watts, P. Beckerton, and N. A. Øritsland. 1982a. Polar bear locomotion: Body temperature and energetic cost. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:40­44.

Hurst, R. J., N. A. Øritsland, and P. D. Watts. 1982b. Body mass, temperature and cost of walking in polar bears. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 115:391­95.

Hwang, W. D., and A. Chao. 1995. Quantifying the effects of unequal catchabilities on Jolly­Seber estimators via sample coverage. Biometrics 51:128­41.