Polar Bears International

Conservation through research and education.

Polar Bears In Depth

Literature Cited

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Manning, T. H. 1964. Age determination in the polar bear Ursus maritimus Phipps (Occasional Paper No. 5). Canadian Wildlife Service, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, National Parks Branch.

Manning, T. H. 1971. Geographical variation in the polar bear Ursus maritimus Phipps (Report Series No. 13). Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

McCullough, D. R. 1979. The George Reserve deer herd: Population ecology of a K-selected species. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

McCullough, D. R. 1981. Population dynamics of the Yellowstone grizzly bear. Pages 173­96 in C. W. Fowler, ed. Dynamics of large mammal populations. John Wiley, New York.

McDonald, T. L., and S. C. Amstrup. 2001. Estimation of population size using open capture­recapture models. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 6:206­20.

McLellan, B. N., and D. M. Shackleton. 1989. Grizzly bears and resourceextraction industries: Habitat displacement in response to seismic exploration, timber harvesting and road maintenance. Journal of Applied Ecology 26:371­80.

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Messier, F., M. K. Taylor, and M. A. Ramsay. 1994. Denning ecology of polar bears in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Journal of Mammalogy 75:420­ 30.

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Nelson, R. A. 1981. Polar bears: Active yet hibernating? Pages 244­47 in G. B. Stone, ed. Spirit of enterprise—The 1981 Rolex awards. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

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Nelson, R. A., G. E. Folk, Jr., E. W. Pfeiffer, J. J. Craighead, C. J. Jonkel, and D. L. Steiger. 1983. Behavior, biochemistry, and hibernation in black, grizzly, and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5:284­90.

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Norstrom, R. J., S. E. Belikov, E. W. Born, G. W. Garner, B. Malone, S. Olpinski, M. A. Ramsay, S. Schliebe, I. Stirling, M. S. Stishov, M. K. Taylor, and Ø. Wiig. 1998. Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in polar bears from eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard: Biomonitoring of Arctic pollution. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:354­67.

Øritsland, N. A. 1970. Temperature regulation of the polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 37:225­33.

Øritsland, N. A., and K. Ronald. 1978. Solar heating of mammals: Observations of hair transmittance. Journal of Biometeorology 22:197­201.

Øritsland, N. A., C. Jonkel, and K. Ronald. 1976. A respiration chamber for exercising polar bears. Norwegian Journal of Zoology 24:65­67.

Paetkau, D., and C. Strobeck. 1998. Ecological genetic studies of bears using microsatellite analysis. Ursus 10:299­306.

Paetkau, D., W. Calvert, I. Stirling, and C. Strobeck. 1995. Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology 4:347­ 54.

Paetkau, D., L. P. Waits, P. L. Clarkson, L. Craighead, and C. Strobeck. 1997. An empirical evaluation of genetic distance statistics using microsatellite data from bear (Ursidae) populations. Genetics 147:1943­57.

Paetkau, D., S. C. Amstrup, E. W. Born, W. Calvert, A. E. Derocher, G. W. Garner, F. Messier, I. Stirling, M. K. Taylor, Ø. Wiig, and C. Strobeck. 1999. Genetic structure of the world's polar bear populations. Molecular Ecology 8:1571­84.

Papanin, I. 1939. Life on an ice-floe. Hutchinson, London. Pedersen, A. 1945. The polar bear: Its distribution and way of life. Aktieselskabet E. Bruun, Copenhagen.

Phipps, C. J. 1774. A voyage towards the North Pole. J. Nourse, London. Prestrud, P., and I. Stirling. 1994. The international polar bear agreement and the current status of polar bear conservation. Aquatic Mammals 20:113­24.

Prevett, J. P., and G. B. Kolenosky. 1982. The status of polar bears in Ontario. Naturaliste Canadien 109:933­39.

Ramsay, M. A. 1986. The reproductive biology of the polar bear: A large, solitary carnivorous mammal. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Canada.

Ramsay, M. A., and D. S. Andriashek. 1986. Long distance route orientation of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in spring. Journal of Zoology A (London) 208:63­72.

Ramsay, M. A., and R. L. Dunbrack. 1986. Physiological constraints on life history phenomena: The example of small bear cubs at birth. American Naturalist 127:735­43.

Ramsay, M. A., and K. A. Hobson. 1991. Polar bears make little use of terrestrial food webs: Evidence from stable-carbon isotope analysis. Oecologia 86:598­600.

Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1982. Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears in western Hudson Bay. Naturaliste Canadien 109:941­46.

Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1986a. Long­term effects of drugging and handling free-ranging polar bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:619­ 26.

Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1986b. On the mating system of polar bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:2142­51.

Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1988. Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoology (London) 214:601­34.

Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1990. Fidelity of female polar bears to winter-den sites. Journal of Mammalogy 71:233­36.
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